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Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations
The Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations was an agreement between the Greek and Turkish governments signed in Lausanne on 30 January 1923, in the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922. The agreement provided for the simultaneous expulsion of Orthodox Christians from Turkey to Greece and of Muslims from Greece (particularly from the north of the country) to Turkey. The population transfers involved approximately two million people, around 1.5 million Anatolian Greeks and 500,000 Muslims in Greece.
== Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations ==
With respect to the Muslims of Greece the treaty reflected Ottoman conceptions of 'nationality' in that their actual ethnic origins was superseded by religious affiliation. This meant that many Greek Muslims from Greek Macedonia and Epirus were classified as Turks and so forced to leave their homes, despite the fact that many spoke little or no Turkish and were actually descended from Ottoman-era Greek converts to Islam. Similarly, many Turkish Christians from north-eastern Anatolia and Cappadoccia were also classified as Greeks and were deported the Greece, although they spoke little or no Greek. Such groups include Karamanlides, who spoke Karamanli Turkish. Because the Convention classified Greeks and Turks according to religious affiliation these were also expelled to Greece alongside Greek-speaking Anatolian Christians.
For the same reason, the many historic cases of Pontic Greeks from north-eastern Anatolia and the Trans-Caucasus region who had converted to Islam and adopted the Turkish-language and national identity were simply classified for the purposes of the Convention as 'Turks'. However, large numbers from that Pontic Greek community had remained Crypto-Christians into the late Ottoman period, before reverting to their ancestral Christian Orthodox faith following the 1828 Russian occupation of Erzurum and Gumushane, when they joined the invading forces, then followed the Russian Imperial Army back into Georgia and southern Russia upon its withdrawal.
The convention was ratified by the Turkish government on 23 August 1923 and by the Greek government on 25 August 1923, after the conclusion of the Treaty of Lausanne. It was registered in the ''League of Nations Treaty Series'' on 27 January 1925.〔''League of Nations Treaty Series'', vol. 32, pp. 76-87.〕
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